Simulating Earth expansion using GPlates?

Hello,

I am trying to develop a 3D visualization of the Expanding Earth hypothesis.

Has anyone attempted to use GPlates for this purpose? Does anyone have any idea about how to go about this?

My efforts using AI-generated python scripts have hit a wall. I’m aware that pygplates supports a variable radius, but I’m not sure how to incorporate rotation files into my pipeline.

If anyone here is (or knows someone who might be) interested in doing some freelance work on this, please let me know.

Thanks!

Hi,

I have done a good amount of work with GPlates and pygplates, especially around custom reconstruction pipelines and rotation files. This sounds like a really interesting project and right up my alley.

I would be happy to chat more about the scope and help you get it across the finish line.

You can reach out to me on my email here

Colin

Hello, I’d love to try this try too! I once made a small earth model (circa ~120ma) using clay molded copies off a globe onto a smaller sphere. I couldn’t believe how well it worked when using isochrons as my guide. Always wished Gplates had variable radius. Haven’t used pygplates but would love to give this a shot.

You can reach me on X@EarthisGrowing

Hey there! sorry, not on X.

I scaled up the continents by 1.5x on QGIS and imported the shapes into GPlates. This works out to a radius ~65%. Here’s a quick and crude mock up for ~120ma - no continental deformations except in southeast Asia. I’m going to do this properly and make 5 or 6 more for different periods. It’ll be a while to do it right but this mock up already shows how well the experiment works if you follow the ocean spreading = Earth expansion hypothesis. Interested to see if you have succeeded in getting variable radius to work on GPlates!

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That is surprisingly good.

I’ve been trying to incorporate the seafloor isochron data.

I recently found some digitized EE reconstruction files on dinox dot org made by its webmaster, Stephen Hurrell. He’s given me permission to use them.

You can already find his model as PNG drapes over a 3D globe here. I’ve been experimenting with different ways to merge his information (which is incomplete in certain time frames) with the seafloor isochron info available through Earthbytes.

The best version I’ve come up with so far is here:

[This will be big post and I have to do it in multiple so I can show all the images]

First - what is that viewer you’re using for the Hurrell models? Can you freely move the different features? That’s very cool, I’d love to try it.
Okay, I’ve made some constructions but the results are mixed. I’ve tried lots of tweaking of rotations and scaling and referencing other small Earth models like Maxlow and Adams and others but I couldn’t get it to work as well. There are too many large gaps/overlap. I see the same problem in the Hurrell models. Basically the position of Antarctica/Australia is a problem. It works well at certain dates but not at all at others. Here is 110ma small Earth compared to a fixed Earth with the same isochrons in the same configuration:

The overlap is minimal, the Himalayan gap is to be expected, but the South Pacific gap is pretty big. Could be partly filled by the known translation of the NA cordillera, the relaxing of the Andes, Central America… the point is its possible that between the deformation of continents and improved isochron data this could have fit nicely.

70ma is not bad either but there is still that big gap in the South Pacific and quite a lot of overlap of the Pacific plate onto west Antarctica. (I’ve included a possible south east asia region filling the indian ocean gap). The overlap here are not deal breakers but by 70ma I would expect a better fit:

When I do an earlier date there is a huge gap/overlap problem. Here is 50ma:

You’ll notice Australia is almost completely within east Asia and most of the proto-Pacific is empty space… okay, i’ve apparently run out of allowed replies for a new user…continued here:Simulating Earth expansion cont

For posterity’s sake, I’m both going to refer to my earlier reply in your continuation thread here, and provide additional responses in this thread. I appreciate these questions and feedback.

>First - what is that viewer you’re using for the Hurrell models?

Ask ChatGPT to write you an index.html file that contains a 3D globe viewer using the JS globe package, then get a cheap hosting package, are my suggestions.

You can use that index file to drape image files, GeoJSONs, meshes, and much more. You can try running it locally, but you may run into firewall issues trying to run certain scripts. It’s a surprisingly small file, but I think that’s because it pulls from other packages online (hence the firewall issues).

I have used Blender in the past, and AI walked me through that process and wrote the script for it, but most of what I’m doing is using a command prompt window and Python. Either way, once the material is created, you update the index file nomenclature accordingly.

>Can you freely move the different features? That’s very cool, I’d love to try it.

This is just a viewer. And, since I’m using GeoJSON files to depict the surface features, no. Based on how those files work, I know you cannot edit or manipulate them in real-time. You just have to process new GeoJSON files.

If you go to the site’s directory (forward slash) wireframe3, you will find a viewer that has some interactive tools with which you can easily plot, match, and export coordinate sets (produced as JSON files) with associated feature ids (optional, linking to specific GeoJSONs). I say easily, but there’s a learning curve to figuring out the buttons.

I’ve never tried asking ChatGPT to incorporate a free movement tool for image files or JSON files (coordinate files, but much simpler), so I’m not sure, but I’m continually surprised by how many cool things you can build for free in minutes, if you just think or know to do it.

The viewer does have kinematics built into it, and although I think you saw this, I’m including a screenshot as a mini-tutorial/plug for those potentially interested in trying it out. Note that you can deselect the Transparency feature (the button is called “Solid”).

For attribution purposes, I should mention that the above is a fusion of my AI’s derivation of the Hurrell coordinates (from file on his site) and a seafloor isochrons GeoJSON file that my AI built from the Mueller 2019 dataset available on Earthbyte’s website.

Hurrell’s files were written for a very old computer program that requires an emulator to run. Some features were lost, based on intractable nomenclature issues, so I supplemented his material with the Mueller data and had AI try its best to approximate their positions at subsequent time frames.

>Here is 110ma small Earth compared to a fixed Earth with the same isochrons in the same configuration

As mentioned in my other reply, there’s a size/scale issue that one has to deal with when working with a variable-sized earth. This only comes up in your gif in the other thread (which is very cool), because I think it’s dealt with by the changed globe size in your still screenshots.

Namely, when you use the Globe.JS package, the software assumes that the radius is 1. Everything is programmed relative to that. So, when the script “shrinks” the globe in the user interface depicted in the screenshot above, all of the surface features will shrink with it.

You need to take this into account when you do this kind of modeling. In your gif, this would be achieved by having the continents get continuously larger (see Hurrell’s 200 Ma depiction @ ibb DOT co FORWARD SLASH ch5zdzYM).

I built a proof-of-concept model found at the (forward slash) terrain2 directory, to establish that my ChatGPT does have the ability to model in 2D a scenario where, in 3D, there is a solid surface that breaks apart into polygons, which spread apart and leave “oceanic crust” in their wake between them, and simultaneously adjust the radius of the globe and the depiction of the polygons according to a certain radius schedule. The hard part is getting it to do this with the very complex real-world data.

Some related last thoughts, I discovered (by clicking individual points around it in Google Earth) that you can draw a line around virtually all of the Earth’s continental crust (save Madagascar) without picking up your pencil.

In this screenshot (image), the white circle represents the lone “cheat” I used–a 20x50km patch between the tail of South America and the West Antarctic peninsula where the continental crust bridge has broken– to keep this as a continuous line around all of the continents. Australia is connected to Asia by continental crust, it’s just submerged.

There’s no reason why, in the plate tectonic model, all of the continental crust should be connected. It isn’t connected before Pangea, and it’s scheduled to break apart in the future (under both models). This just goes further to show that the continental crust was, at one point, the outer shell of a smaller globe, in a lid tectonics state.

It has cracked apart and is spreading open primarily in the Southern Hemisphere. If you view the isochrons top down from the North Pole versus from the South Pole, this becomes glaringly obvious. I wonder if there is a way to establish that this phenomenon only occurred once.

Very good work. The viewer and all that does sound like a bit of learning curve for me at the moment but I would like to build an evolving 3d model eventually.

What I did was use QGIS to scale up the continents and isochron chunks and then import those into Gplates, which doesn’t allow scaling of the globe. So it’s a work-around but it’s quite accurate and achieves the same effect as scaling the globe itself. And Gplates does do 3d Orthographic, I just chose Mollweide projections for the posts so you can see everything at once.

The gif is a fixed earth size but this was intentional. I used a fixed earth model to help guide my small earth model. This way I could test how standard or alternative Paleo reconstructions work with a variable radius. But it also allowed me to test that isochron-based reconstruction, which I think works so well on a fixed earth that it ought to be considered even in mainstream geology. Basically I’ve taken the concept of how an expanding Earth develops and imposed it on a fixed-size Earth. I did another with a different starting position for the Pacific that also worked great. Those models were also very influenced by two papers you might find interesting:

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006JB004535

They both provide a guide as to how and where to properly position ocean ridges in the past. Neither are per se expansion papers, but they both present a single global geometrically enforced ocean spreading system, and that is difficult to reconcile with any paleo-reconstruction I’ve ever seen. But on an expanding globe that effect would be automatic.

btw I’ve found that fracture lines in the Indian ocean do indeed support that Antarctic/Australia position I was originally weary about. I think in fact it is the correct position and so that makes the full continental closure viable prior to ocean spreading.

I believe I know exactly the continuous line you’re talking about. Here is a pole-centered projection that shows it well:

Features like this and so many others are why I’m so interested in EEH. This line would be a stretched out seam of a formerly connected single continental mass. This same line, which is basically the circum-Pacific, is discussed in this paper, if you can find it: “Topological Inconsistency of Continental Drift on the Present-Sized Earth” by R. Merservey.

The world presents as though it has expanded in so many different ways and I’m determined to know why. I’m not yet convinced of it but nor do I find the arguments against it very convincing. I believe it can be determined one way or the other by geology/geometry. Anyway, I could say a million other things about this and I’m glad to see someone else working at it!

p.s.

Something you should know about isochron sets is that often the raw data are interpreted to fit a certain kinematic model. So a Mueller age grid set, for instance, may differ from another because the Mueller set was made to fit with Mueller’s specific plate model. The actual data are fairly sparse in certain regions and accuracy degrades as you go back in time. They are generally similar but you might want to try a few different sets and compare. This is also why I’m prioritizing fracture lines and hotspots moving forward.

I’m excited to take a look at those papers in more detail this weekend. I had AI summarize it, so I get the gist. I have contemplated identifying the historical MORs.

Since I can only paste one media file per reply, I am doing a lot of work in one image:

In the top frame, you should be able to see a white line tracing all of the continents. This is the line I am talking about. I’ve uploaded the .kmz file to this site. If you download it and double-click it, it should launch in your Google Earth Pro desktop app, if you have it.

I had not seen the line you’re talking about, other than to say that I’m aware of the Ring of Fire and some of those features, but not as such. It reminds me of the fractal guy’s YouTube videos.

In the bottom frame, I have taken a screenshot of the latest iteration of the clicking tool at the wireframe4 directory. If you go to wireframe2, you can find a much simpler version, which might help you get the hang of it. On the most recent version, my advice is to switch to “Line click.”

I think the only way for this theory to get traction is to build it in 3D using the same file formats that are being used by the industry leaders. That said, I was very disappointed to learn that QGIS doesn’t have 3D.